[Hydrogen Encyclopedia] Future energy storage methods
Release Date: 2022-01-08 16:34:09 Visit: 295
The main links of the hydrogen energy industry chain include the preparation, storage, transportation and utilization of hydrogen. The hydrogen storage in the middle of the industry chain connects the production and application of hydrogen, and is the key technology and prerequisite for the large-scale application of hydrogen. Whether the problem of safe and effective hydrogen storage and low-cost and high-efficiency transportation can be solved is the decisive factor restricting the large-scale application of hydrogen energy. At present, there are mainly three mature hydrogen storage methods: high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage, low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage, and solid-state hydrogen storage using hydrogen storage materials as the medium.
"Hydrogen is not produced in areas where hydrogen is used, and the cost of hydrogen storage and transportation remains high. Hydrogen storage and transportation is the place that currently restricts the development of hydrogen energy in my country."
Hydrogen energy storage (hydrogen energy storage) is essentially hydrogen storage, that is, storing flammable and explosive hydrogen in a stable form. On the premise of ensuring safety, improving hydrogen storage capacity (efficiency), reducing costs, and improving accessibility are the development priorities of hydrogen storage technology. Hydrogen storage technology can be divided into two categories: physical hydrogen storage and chemical hydrogen storage. Physical hydrogen storage mainly includes high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage, low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage, activated carbon adsorption hydrogen storage, carbon fiber and carbon nanotube hydrogen storage, and underground hydrogen storage; chemical hydrogen storage mainly includes metal hydride hydrogen storage, liquid organic hydrogen carrier hydrogen storage , Inorganic hydrogen storage, liquid ammonia hydrogen storage, etc.
1. Physical hydrogen storage
【High pressure gaseous hydrogen storage】
Hydrogen production and application are inseparable from compression technology. The high-pressure hydrogen compressor is the core device for pressurizing hydrogen into the hydrogen storage system, and the output pressure and gas tightness are its important performance indicators.
The mass hydrogen storage density of high-pressure gas hydrogen storage ranges from 4.0 to 5.7 wt%. The current high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage technology is relatively mature and is currently the most commonly used hydrogen storage technology. The technology uses high pressure to compress hydrogen gas into a high-pressure container. The metal high-pressure hydrogen storage container is composed of a metal with a certain resistance to hydrogen embrittlement or a composite material. The most commonly used material is austenitic stainless steel. Because copper and aluminum are immune to hydrogen near normal temperature and do not cause hydrogen embrittlement, they are also often selected as materials for high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks.
The cost of hydrogen storage in high-pressure gas is relatively low, the compression process is low in energy consumption, and the release is simple and fast. It is the most mature hydrogen storage technology at present. In addition, high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage has potential safety hazards of leakage and explosion, so the safety performance needs to be improved. In the future, high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage needs to develop in the direction of light weight, high pressure, low cost and stable quality.
The main application fields of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage include large-scale high-pressure hydrogen storage containers for transportation, large-scale high-pressure hydrogen storage containers for hydrogen refueling stations, high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks for fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen storage tanks for uninterruptible power supplies of communication base stations, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Hydrogen storage tanks for fuel cells, etc. For example, a domestic hydrogen storage company provided the first 45MPa hydrogen accumulator and the first 35MPa mobile hydrogen refueling vehicle for the Shanghai World Expo hydrogen refueling station, and provided more than 50 sets of accumulators for the domestic hydrogen refueling station. Provided more than 240 sets of energy storage devices for foreign hydrogen refueling stations. The 87.5MPa steel carbon fiber wound large-capacity hydrogen storage container developed by the company has been demonstrated and applied to the Dalian hydrogen refueling station; the 35MPa skid-mounted hydrogen refueling station developed by the company will be used in the 2022 Winter Olympics; the first 35MPa fully integrated Skid-mounted mobile hydrogen refueling station to promote the commercial operation of hydrogen refueling station.
【Low temperature liquid hydrogen storage】
Cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage is to liquefy hydrogen gas first, and then store it in a cryogenic adiabatic vacuum container. Low-temperature adiabatic technology is an important technology in low-temperature engineering, and it is also the core technical means to realize low-temperature liquid storage. According to whether there is active energy provided by the outside world, it can be divided into passive adiabatic and active adiabatic methods. Passive adiabatic technology has been widely used in various low-temperature equipment; while active adiabatic technology requires external energy input, although it can achieve better adiabatic effect, and even achieve zero evaporation storage (Zero boil-off, ZBO), but also It is bound to bring some problems, such as the need for other additional equipment to increase the volume and weight of the entire device, low efficiency of the refrigerator, high energy consumption, high cost and poor economy.
Liquid hydrogen has high density, large volume-to-capacity, and small volume ratio, which can make storage and transportation simple. However, it is difficult to convert gaseous hydrogen into liquid hydrogen. To liquefy 1kg of hydrogen, it will consume 4-10 kWh of electricity. Moreover, in order to be able to store liquid hydrogen stably, special containers that are resistant to ultra-low temperature and maintain ultra-low temperature are required. The container needs to be frost-resistant, pressure-resistant, and must be strictly thermally insulated. [9] Therefore, in addition to the difficulty and high cost of manufacturing, this kind of container also has problems such as easy volatility and many safety hazards during operation.
From a global perspective, low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage technology has been applied to vehicle-mounted systems, and has a wide range of applications in hydrogen refueling stations around the world. There are many liquid hydrogen refueling stations in Japan, the United States and France. At present, more than one-third of the hydrogen refueling stations in the world are liquid hydrogen refueling stations, and the hydrogen liquefaction equipment is mainly provided by manufacturers such as AP, Praxair, and Linde in Germany. [10] my country's liquid hydrogen factories are only used for space rocket launch services. Due to the limitations of regulations and technical costs, they cannot be applied to the civilian field. However, related companies have begun to develop corresponding liquid hydrogen storage tanks and liquid hydrogen tankers, such as Aerospace 101, Guofu Hydrogen Energy, Hongda Xingye, CIMC Sanctuary and other companies are all developing domestic liquid hydrogen storage and transportation products. Relevant departments are studying and formulating liquid hydrogen civil standards. In the future, liquid hydrogen transportation will become the main artery of my country's hydrogen energy development.
2 Chemical hydrogen storage
Unlike physical hydrogen storage, chemical hydrogen storage schemes generally achieve hydrogen storage by utilizing storage media combined with hydrogen as a stable compound. When using hydrogen, the compound is decomposed to liberate hydrogen by heating or other means, while the storage medium is recovered.
According to different types of storage media, chemical hydrogen storage technologies mainly include metal hydride hydrogen storage, liquid organic hydrogen carrier hydrogen storage, inorganic hydrogen storage, liquid ammonia hydrogen storage, etc. Compared with high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage and low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage, the maturity of chemical hydrogen storage technology is relatively low, and it is currently mostly in laboratories and demonstration projects.
【Metal Hydride Hydrogen Storage】
This technology stores hydrogen in the form of metal hydrides in hydrogen storage alloy materials. At a certain temperature and pressure, the hydrogen storage alloy contacts with hydrogen to form a hydrogen-containing solid solution (α phase) first, and then the solid solution continues to react with hydrogen to produce a phase transition to form a metal hydride (β phase). Under heating conditions, metal hydrides dehydrogenate. The alloys discovered early are LaNi5, Mg2Ni, TiFe, etc. Later, researchers found that this kind of alloy is composed of a hydrogen-absorbing element A and another non-hydrogen-absorbing element B. The two elements control the hydrogen storage capacity and the hydrogen absorption and desorption are reversible respectively. sex. At present, the hydrogen storage alloys developed in the world can be roughly divided into rare earth lanthanum-nickel series, titanium-iron series, titanium-zirconium series, vanadium-based solid solution, magnesium series, etc.
Such solid-based hydrogen storage technologies often have the advantages of high hydrogen storage density, low hydrogen storage pressure, good safety, and high desorption purity, and their volumetric hydrogen storage density is higher than that of liquid hydrogen. [18] At present, the research results of hydrogen storage metal materials at home and abroad have been continuously and have been applied in some fields. Foreign solid hydrogen storage technology has been commercially applied in battery ships, and has been demonstrated in distributed power generation and wind power hydrogen production scale hydrogen storage; domestic solid hydrogen storage has been demonstrated in distributed power generation.
However, the weight hydrogen storage rate of metal hydrogen storage materials in mature systems is low, and the highest reversible hydrogen storage capacity of TiV material is 2.6 wt%. In order to improve the weight hydrogen storage rate, new materials such as coordination hydrides and metal ammonia boranes have been developed. However, these materials have application problems such as slow hydrogen absorption and desorption rate and poor reversible cycle performance, and are still in the research and development of laboratory technology. In addition, the cost of hydrogen storage metal materials is affected by the price fluctuation of non-ferrous metal raw materials, and the high cost is another factor restricting development.
【Hydrogen storage by liquid organic hydrogen carrier】
Liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) hydrogen storage technology is based on the hydrogenation of unsaturated liquid organics under the action of catalysts. Commonly used unsaturated liquid organics include methanol, cycloalkane, N-ethylcarbazole, toluene, 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborane and the like.
This type of technology has a high hydrogen storage density and can store hydrogen under ambient conditions, with high safety and convenient transportation. The disadvantage is that the retrieval and release of hydrogen is not as easy as physical hydrogen storage, additional reaction equipment is required, and the hydrogen desorption process often requires heating and energy consumption, resulting in increased costs.
LOHC technology is developing rapidly in Japan and Europe, and it is still in the demonstration stage in my country. Hydrogenious LOHC, headquartered in Erlangen, Germany, has been developing organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) storage and transportation technology. Currently, Hydrogenious is building the world's largest LOHC hydrogen storage plant at the Dormagen Chemical Park in Germany, with plans to start production in 2023. The plant uses dibenzyltoluene as a carrier medium, which is said to be non-flammable and non-explosive.
In October this year, Royal Hydrogen Technology and CRRC Xi'an Co., Ltd. signed a strategic cooperation agreement. The two parties will develop a new type of railway tank development suitable for large-scale organic liquid hydrogen storage medium transportation on the basis of existing railway transportation equipment.
【Hydrogen storage in liquid ammonia】
Hydrogen and nitrogen synthesize liquid ammonia under the action of a catalyst, which is stored and transported in the form of liquid ammonia. Liquid ammonia decomposes to liberate hydrogen at atmospheric pressure and about 400 °C.
Compared with the extremely low hydrogen liquefaction temperature of -253°C required by the cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage technology, the liquefaction temperature of ammonia at one atmospheric pressure is -33°C much higher. The "hydrogen-ammonia-hydrogen" method consumes energy, is difficult to implement and is difficult to transport. relatively lower. At the same time, the volumetric hydrogen storage density in liquid ammonia hydrogen storage is 1.7 times higher than that of liquid hydrogen, which is much higher than the long-tube trailer-type gaseous hydrogen storage technology. This technology has certain advantages in long-distance hydrogen energy storage and transportation. However, liquid ammonia for hydrogen storage also has many disadvantages. Liquid ammonia is highly corrosive and toxic, and there are potential hazards to equipment, human body, and the environment during storage and transportation; the synthetic ammonia process is relatively mature in my country, but there is a certain proportion of loss in the process conversion; equipment and terminals for the decomposition of synthetic ammonia and ammonia Industrial equipment remains to be integrated.
3. Underground hydrogen storage
The long-term storage of hydrogen depends on a certain storage space, and the use of underground space for hydrogen storage has become an important way of hydrogen storage. Among the many different underground hydrogen storage options, the most promising one is to dig a "container" in the underground salt layer to store hydrogen. The manufacture of this "container" needs to first drill to the target salt layer and install the casing (like oil drilling); secondly, inject the solution to dissolve the salt layer, and then extract the dissolved brine; A "container" of the desired shape and size is created; finally, the gas is filled to empty the salt cavern of all the brine. Depending on the structure of the salt layer, the above-mentioned dissolution method creates different "container" shapes.
Hydrogen underground storage can make full use of underground space, save land resources, effectively reduce the cost of hydrogen storage, and improve the economic benefits of hydrogen. It can be applied to wind-solar-storage integration projects to solve the volatility of new energy power generation and ensure energy supply and energy security. Wait. However, the construction of hydrogen underground storage is faced with many challenges, mainly including: geological integrity of reservoir and caprock, hydrogen underground chemical reaction, wellbore integrity, hydrogen production purity and material durability.
In the application of underground hydrogen storage, on August 23, 2021, Sinopec Chongqing's first hydrogen refueling station, the Banshan Ring Road Comprehensive Refueling Station, was officially completed recently. The station is the first hydrogen refueling station in China to apply hydrogen storage well technology, with a daily hydrogen supply capacity of 1,000 kilograms. It will provide hydrogen refueling services for the first batch of hydrogen energy demonstration buses and urban logistics vehicles in Chongqing. It is a pioneer in the technological innovation and development of hydrogen energy industry. Good practice and demonstration.
"Hydrogen is not produced in areas where hydrogen is used, and the cost of hydrogen storage and transportation remains high. Hydrogen storage and transportation is the place that currently restricts the development of hydrogen energy in my country."
Hydrogen energy storage (hydrogen energy storage) is essentially hydrogen storage, that is, storing flammable and explosive hydrogen in a stable form. On the premise of ensuring safety, improving hydrogen storage capacity (efficiency), reducing costs, and improving accessibility are the development priorities of hydrogen storage technology. Hydrogen storage technology can be divided into two categories: physical hydrogen storage and chemical hydrogen storage. Physical hydrogen storage mainly includes high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage, low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage, activated carbon adsorption hydrogen storage, carbon fiber and carbon nanotube hydrogen storage, and underground hydrogen storage; chemical hydrogen storage mainly includes metal hydride hydrogen storage, liquid organic hydrogen carrier hydrogen storage , Inorganic hydrogen storage, liquid ammonia hydrogen storage, etc.
1. Physical hydrogen storage
【High pressure gaseous hydrogen storage】
Hydrogen production and application are inseparable from compression technology. The high-pressure hydrogen compressor is the core device for pressurizing hydrogen into the hydrogen storage system, and the output pressure and gas tightness are its important performance indicators.
The mass hydrogen storage density of high-pressure gas hydrogen storage ranges from 4.0 to 5.7 wt%. The current high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage technology is relatively mature and is currently the most commonly used hydrogen storage technology. The technology uses high pressure to compress hydrogen gas into a high-pressure container. The metal high-pressure hydrogen storage container is composed of a metal with a certain resistance to hydrogen embrittlement or a composite material. The most commonly used material is austenitic stainless steel. Because copper and aluminum are immune to hydrogen near normal temperature and do not cause hydrogen embrittlement, they are also often selected as materials for high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks.
The cost of hydrogen storage in high-pressure gas is relatively low, the compression process is low in energy consumption, and the release is simple and fast. It is the most mature hydrogen storage technology at present. In addition, high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage has potential safety hazards of leakage and explosion, so the safety performance needs to be improved. In the future, high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage needs to develop in the direction of light weight, high pressure, low cost and stable quality.
The main application fields of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage include large-scale high-pressure hydrogen storage containers for transportation, large-scale high-pressure hydrogen storage containers for hydrogen refueling stations, high-pressure hydrogen storage tanks for fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen storage tanks for uninterruptible power supplies of communication base stations, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Hydrogen storage tanks for fuel cells, etc. For example, a domestic hydrogen storage company provided the first 45MPa hydrogen accumulator and the first 35MPa mobile hydrogen refueling vehicle for the Shanghai World Expo hydrogen refueling station, and provided more than 50 sets of accumulators for the domestic hydrogen refueling station. Provided more than 240 sets of energy storage devices for foreign hydrogen refueling stations. The 87.5MPa steel carbon fiber wound large-capacity hydrogen storage container developed by the company has been demonstrated and applied to the Dalian hydrogen refueling station; the 35MPa skid-mounted hydrogen refueling station developed by the company will be used in the 2022 Winter Olympics; the first 35MPa fully integrated Skid-mounted mobile hydrogen refueling station to promote the commercial operation of hydrogen refueling station.
【Low temperature liquid hydrogen storage】
Cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage is to liquefy hydrogen gas first, and then store it in a cryogenic adiabatic vacuum container. Low-temperature adiabatic technology is an important technology in low-temperature engineering, and it is also the core technical means to realize low-temperature liquid storage. According to whether there is active energy provided by the outside world, it can be divided into passive adiabatic and active adiabatic methods. Passive adiabatic technology has been widely used in various low-temperature equipment; while active adiabatic technology requires external energy input, although it can achieve better adiabatic effect, and even achieve zero evaporation storage (Zero boil-off, ZBO), but also It is bound to bring some problems, such as the need for other additional equipment to increase the volume and weight of the entire device, low efficiency of the refrigerator, high energy consumption, high cost and poor economy.
Liquid hydrogen has high density, large volume-to-capacity, and small volume ratio, which can make storage and transportation simple. However, it is difficult to convert gaseous hydrogen into liquid hydrogen. To liquefy 1kg of hydrogen, it will consume 4-10 kWh of electricity. Moreover, in order to be able to store liquid hydrogen stably, special containers that are resistant to ultra-low temperature and maintain ultra-low temperature are required. The container needs to be frost-resistant, pressure-resistant, and must be strictly thermally insulated. [9] Therefore, in addition to the difficulty and high cost of manufacturing, this kind of container also has problems such as easy volatility and many safety hazards during operation.
From a global perspective, low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage technology has been applied to vehicle-mounted systems, and has a wide range of applications in hydrogen refueling stations around the world. There are many liquid hydrogen refueling stations in Japan, the United States and France. At present, more than one-third of the hydrogen refueling stations in the world are liquid hydrogen refueling stations, and the hydrogen liquefaction equipment is mainly provided by manufacturers such as AP, Praxair, and Linde in Germany. [10] my country's liquid hydrogen factories are only used for space rocket launch services. Due to the limitations of regulations and technical costs, they cannot be applied to the civilian field. However, related companies have begun to develop corresponding liquid hydrogen storage tanks and liquid hydrogen tankers, such as Aerospace 101, Guofu Hydrogen Energy, Hongda Xingye, CIMC Sanctuary and other companies are all developing domestic liquid hydrogen storage and transportation products. Relevant departments are studying and formulating liquid hydrogen civil standards. In the future, liquid hydrogen transportation will become the main artery of my country's hydrogen energy development.
2 Chemical hydrogen storage
Unlike physical hydrogen storage, chemical hydrogen storage schemes generally achieve hydrogen storage by utilizing storage media combined with hydrogen as a stable compound. When using hydrogen, the compound is decomposed to liberate hydrogen by heating or other means, while the storage medium is recovered.
According to different types of storage media, chemical hydrogen storage technologies mainly include metal hydride hydrogen storage, liquid organic hydrogen carrier hydrogen storage, inorganic hydrogen storage, liquid ammonia hydrogen storage, etc. Compared with high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage and low-temperature liquid hydrogen storage, the maturity of chemical hydrogen storage technology is relatively low, and it is currently mostly in laboratories and demonstration projects.
【Metal Hydride Hydrogen Storage】
This technology stores hydrogen in the form of metal hydrides in hydrogen storage alloy materials. At a certain temperature and pressure, the hydrogen storage alloy contacts with hydrogen to form a hydrogen-containing solid solution (α phase) first, and then the solid solution continues to react with hydrogen to produce a phase transition to form a metal hydride (β phase). Under heating conditions, metal hydrides dehydrogenate. The alloys discovered early are LaNi5, Mg2Ni, TiFe, etc. Later, researchers found that this kind of alloy is composed of a hydrogen-absorbing element A and another non-hydrogen-absorbing element B. The two elements control the hydrogen storage capacity and the hydrogen absorption and desorption are reversible respectively. sex. At present, the hydrogen storage alloys developed in the world can be roughly divided into rare earth lanthanum-nickel series, titanium-iron series, titanium-zirconium series, vanadium-based solid solution, magnesium series, etc.
Such solid-based hydrogen storage technologies often have the advantages of high hydrogen storage density, low hydrogen storage pressure, good safety, and high desorption purity, and their volumetric hydrogen storage density is higher than that of liquid hydrogen. [18] At present, the research results of hydrogen storage metal materials at home and abroad have been continuously and have been applied in some fields. Foreign solid hydrogen storage technology has been commercially applied in battery ships, and has been demonstrated in distributed power generation and wind power hydrogen production scale hydrogen storage; domestic solid hydrogen storage has been demonstrated in distributed power generation.
However, the weight hydrogen storage rate of metal hydrogen storage materials in mature systems is low, and the highest reversible hydrogen storage capacity of TiV material is 2.6 wt%. In order to improve the weight hydrogen storage rate, new materials such as coordination hydrides and metal ammonia boranes have been developed. However, these materials have application problems such as slow hydrogen absorption and desorption rate and poor reversible cycle performance, and are still in the research and development of laboratory technology. In addition, the cost of hydrogen storage metal materials is affected by the price fluctuation of non-ferrous metal raw materials, and the high cost is another factor restricting development.
【Hydrogen storage by liquid organic hydrogen carrier】
Liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) hydrogen storage technology is based on the hydrogenation of unsaturated liquid organics under the action of catalysts. Commonly used unsaturated liquid organics include methanol, cycloalkane, N-ethylcarbazole, toluene, 1,2-dihydro-1,2-azaborane and the like.
This type of technology has a high hydrogen storage density and can store hydrogen under ambient conditions, with high safety and convenient transportation. The disadvantage is that the retrieval and release of hydrogen is not as easy as physical hydrogen storage, additional reaction equipment is required, and the hydrogen desorption process often requires heating and energy consumption, resulting in increased costs.
LOHC technology is developing rapidly in Japan and Europe, and it is still in the demonstration stage in my country. Hydrogenious LOHC, headquartered in Erlangen, Germany, has been developing organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) storage and transportation technology. Currently, Hydrogenious is building the world's largest LOHC hydrogen storage plant at the Dormagen Chemical Park in Germany, with plans to start production in 2023. The plant uses dibenzyltoluene as a carrier medium, which is said to be non-flammable and non-explosive.
In October this year, Royal Hydrogen Technology and CRRC Xi'an Co., Ltd. signed a strategic cooperation agreement. The two parties will develop a new type of railway tank development suitable for large-scale organic liquid hydrogen storage medium transportation on the basis of existing railway transportation equipment.
【Hydrogen storage in liquid ammonia】
Hydrogen and nitrogen synthesize liquid ammonia under the action of a catalyst, which is stored and transported in the form of liquid ammonia. Liquid ammonia decomposes to liberate hydrogen at atmospheric pressure and about 400 °C.
Compared with the extremely low hydrogen liquefaction temperature of -253°C required by the cryogenic liquid hydrogen storage technology, the liquefaction temperature of ammonia at one atmospheric pressure is -33°C much higher. The "hydrogen-ammonia-hydrogen" method consumes energy, is difficult to implement and is difficult to transport. relatively lower. At the same time, the volumetric hydrogen storage density in liquid ammonia hydrogen storage is 1.7 times higher than that of liquid hydrogen, which is much higher than the long-tube trailer-type gaseous hydrogen storage technology. This technology has certain advantages in long-distance hydrogen energy storage and transportation. However, liquid ammonia for hydrogen storage also has many disadvantages. Liquid ammonia is highly corrosive and toxic, and there are potential hazards to equipment, human body, and the environment during storage and transportation; the synthetic ammonia process is relatively mature in my country, but there is a certain proportion of loss in the process conversion; equipment and terminals for the decomposition of synthetic ammonia and ammonia Industrial equipment remains to be integrated.
3. Underground hydrogen storage
The long-term storage of hydrogen depends on a certain storage space, and the use of underground space for hydrogen storage has become an important way of hydrogen storage. Among the many different underground hydrogen storage options, the most promising one is to dig a "container" in the underground salt layer to store hydrogen. The manufacture of this "container" needs to first drill to the target salt layer and install the casing (like oil drilling); secondly, inject the solution to dissolve the salt layer, and then extract the dissolved brine; A "container" of the desired shape and size is created; finally, the gas is filled to empty the salt cavern of all the brine. Depending on the structure of the salt layer, the above-mentioned dissolution method creates different "container" shapes.
Hydrogen underground storage can make full use of underground space, save land resources, effectively reduce the cost of hydrogen storage, and improve the economic benefits of hydrogen. It can be applied to wind-solar-storage integration projects to solve the volatility of new energy power generation and ensure energy supply and energy security. Wait. However, the construction of hydrogen underground storage is faced with many challenges, mainly including: geological integrity of reservoir and caprock, hydrogen underground chemical reaction, wellbore integrity, hydrogen production purity and material durability.
In the application of underground hydrogen storage, on August 23, 2021, Sinopec Chongqing's first hydrogen refueling station, the Banshan Ring Road Comprehensive Refueling Station, was officially completed recently. The station is the first hydrogen refueling station in China to apply hydrogen storage well technology, with a daily hydrogen supply capacity of 1,000 kilograms. It will provide hydrogen refueling services for the first batch of hydrogen energy demonstration buses and urban logistics vehicles in Chongqing. It is a pioneer in the technological innovation and development of hydrogen energy industry. Good practice and demonstration.
